General Rules:

  • Dashes are used to set off a series within a phrase, to indicate an abrupt change or to show emphasis.
  • Always put a single space on both sides of a dash unless it’s used to replace a bullet point.
  • Never use a dash and a colon together.


For a Series Within a Phrase


Rule: Use offsetting dashes when a series that is separated by commas is used within a phrase that requires offsetting commas.

  • Example: Making sure your new cat has the right supplies – a litter box, kitty litter, food dishes and toys – is a must-do step in preparing to bring your pet home.


For an Abrupt Change or Pause


Rule: Use a dash to show an abrupt change in thought within a sentence or to show an emphatic pause.

  • Example: The CEO introduced a new policy – one that employees would not easily support – at the company-wide meeting.
  • Example: Their vacation is scheduled for December – as long as everything goes according to plan.


For Attribution


Rule: Use a dash in front of the author or composer of a quote.

  • Example: “Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I’m not sure about the universe.” – Albert Einstein.